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Dark energy has a dramatic effect on the dynamics of the Universe, causing the recently discovered acceleration of the expansion. The dynamics are also central to the behaviour of the growth of large-scale structure, offering the possibility that observations of structure formation provide a sensitive probe of the cosmology and dark energy characteristics. In particular, dark energy with a time-varying equation of state can have an influence on structure formation stretching back well into the matter-dominated epoch. We analyse this impact, first calculating the linear perturbation results, including those for weak gravitational lensing. These dynamical models possess definite observable differences from constant equation of state models. Then we present a large-scale numerical simulation of structure formation, including the largest volume to date involving a time-varying equation of state. We find the halo mass function is well described by the Jenkins et al. mass function formula. We also show how to interpret modifications of the Friedmann equation in terms of a time-variable equation of state. The results presented here provide steps toward realistic computation of the effect of dark energy in cosmological probes involving large-scale structure, such as cluster counts, the Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect or weak gravitational lensing. 相似文献
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S.W. Allen 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2003,285(1):247-256
Chandra X-ray observations of rich, dynamically relaxed galaxy clusters allow the properties of the X-ray gas and the total
gravitating mass to be determined precisely. Here, we discuss how Chandra observations may be used as a powerful tool for
cosmological studies. By combining Chandra X-ray results on the X-ray gas mass fractions in clusters with independent measurements
of the Hubble constant and the mean baryonic matter density of the universe, we obtain a tight constraint on the mean total
matter density of the universe, Οm, and an interesting constraint on the cosmological constant, ΟΛ. Using these results, together with the observed local X-ray luminosity function of the most X-ray luminous galaxy clusters,
a mass-luminosity relation determined from Chandra and ROSAT X-ray data and weak gravitational lensing observations, and the
mass function predicted by numerical simulations, we obtain a precise constraint on the normalization of the power spectrum
of density fluctuations in the nearby universe,σ8. We compare our results with those obtained from other, independent methods.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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We present first observations of Mira stars obtained at the Very Large Telescope Interferometer (VLTI) at 2 microns, equipped
with the VINCI instrument, using different baselines with both the test siderostats and the 8.2 m unit telescopes. These observations,
collected in the course of the VLTI commissining program, have targeted so far about sixty cool giant stars. In this talk,
we list and describe the measurements obtained for 14 Mira stars, many of them representing first-time determinations of the
visibility. In particular, we devote special attention to a study of Mira itself, for which very accurate determinations of
the visibility at several baseline lenghts and orientations could be obtained. We find that a two-component model is more
consistent with the data than a single stellar disc. Further observations are needed for a better understanding of this source.
The VLTI will constitute an ideal instrument for such studies in the future. In particular it will permit detailed investigations
of southern AGB stars, such as accurate measurements of surface structureparameters (diameters, diameter variations, asymmetries,
center-to-limbvariations, special features like hot spots) and of circumstellar envelopes.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献